Human Blood
Blood is a transport medium that carries chemicals needed by our bodies or which will be discharged out of our bodies. Human blood is composed of two components:
1. A liquid component called a blood plasma.
2. Solid components called blood cells.
Blood plasma
Blood plasma is the largest component in the blood. The volume is about 55% of the total volume of blood in the human body.
The function of blood plasma is:
1. Transporting the nutrients needed by the body's cells.
2. Transporting the remaining oxidation of food from the cell to the disposal site.
3. Carries hormones and enzymes.
4. Produce antibodies (immune substances).
The blood plasma consists of 90% water and 10% is the solutes in the blood plasma. These solutes are usually:
Blood Cells
1. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
The red blood cells have the following characteristics:
a. Shaped biconcave disc (The center is thinner than the edge).
b. Does not have a cell nucleus.
c. The color of this cell is red, as it contains hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin consists of a protein globulin that binds to a hemin iron molecule. Hemoglobin functions to bind oxygen to circulate throughout the body and bind carbon dioxide to be removed from the body through the lungs.
When hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lung capillaries, hemoglobin forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) so that the erythrocytes appear bright red. When in the body tissues, oxyhemoglobin will break down again into oxygen and hemoglobin.
Furthermore, oxygen will diffuse into the tissues of the body. Oxygen is used to burn nutrients (glucose) to produce energy and carbon dioxide. This energy will be used by the body to carry out daily activities.
Meanwhile, carbon dioxide will bind to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2). The presence of high carbon dioxide content in the erythrocytes makes the blood color become dark red.
HbCO2 then gets into the bloodstream and eventually comes out of the body through the lungs.
The reaction of binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide by hemoglobin is as follows:
Hb + O2 ==> HbO2
Hb + CO2 ==> HbCO2
In 1mm cubic of blood, there are approximately 5 million red blood cells. The formation of erythrocytes occurs in the bone marrow. Erythrocytes are only about 120 days old. After that, the erythrocytes will be damaged and overhauled in the liver and lymph.
Hemoglobin and erythrocyte will break down into hemin, iron, and globin. Hemin will be overhauled into bilirubin and biliverdin (bile dye). Meanwhile, iron and globin will be sent back to the bone marrow. The iron will be reused to form hemoglobin and globin are used to form antibodies.
2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Leucocytes have the following characteristics:
a. Colorless
b. The shape is diverse.
c. Can move like Amoeba (amoeboid).
d. Has a round or concave cell nucleus.
e. Can penetrate blood vessel walls.
There are two types of leukocytes:
a. Granulocytes (consisting of neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) The neutrophil live mass is 7 hours, while basophils and eosinophils are not known Neutrophils serve to keep the body from attacking pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria Basophils function in the healing after inflammation in certain parts of the body.While Eosinophils serve to kill parasites and prevent allergies.
b. Agranulocytes (in the cytoplasm there is no granule). Consists of monocytes and lymphocytes. Monocytes can live for three days and have the function to keep the body immune from protozoa and viruses and eat the body's cells that have been damaged. Lymphocytes are of two types: B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes whose lifetimes are not yet known. B-lymphocytes serve to produce antibodies and T-lymphocytes to keep the body from attacking foreign substances, cancer cells, and viruses.
3. Platelets
The characteristics of platelets are as follows:
a. Does not have a cell nucleus
b. Colorless (clear)
c. The shape is irregular.
Normal platelet counts in adults are about 200,000 - 300,000 per cubic mm of blood. If a person has a platelet count of more than 300,000 per cubic blood, the person is said to have thrombocytosis. If the platelet count is less than 200,000 per cubic mm of blood, then the person is said to have thrombocytopenia.
Platelets play an important role in the blood clotting process.
1. A liquid component called a blood plasma.
2. Solid components called blood cells.
Blood plasma is the largest component in the blood. The volume is about 55% of the total volume of blood in the human body.
The function of blood plasma is:
1. Transporting the nutrients needed by the body's cells.
2. Transporting the remaining oxidation of food from the cell to the disposal site.
3. Carries hormones and enzymes.
4. Produce antibodies (immune substances).
The blood plasma consists of 90% water and 10% is the solutes in the blood plasma. These solutes are usually:
- Food Nutrition that will be streamed to all body tissues. For example, monosaccharides, fatty acids, cholesterol and amino acids.
- Proteins that lie in the blood, such as (a) Albumin, which is useful for maintaining a balance of blood osmotic pressure. (b) Globulin is an antibody-forming component. (c) Fibrinogen plays a role in blood clotting.
- Residual metabolic substances such as urea and uric acid.
- Gases dissolved in blood plasma such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
- An enzyme, which serves to accelerate chemical reactions that occur in the body.
- A hormone that serves to regulate metabolism in the body.
Blood Cells
1. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
The red blood cells have the following characteristics:
a. Shaped biconcave disc (The center is thinner than the edge).
b. Does not have a cell nucleus.
c. The color of this cell is red, as it contains hemoglobin.
When hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lung capillaries, hemoglobin forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) so that the erythrocytes appear bright red. When in the body tissues, oxyhemoglobin will break down again into oxygen and hemoglobin.
Furthermore, oxygen will diffuse into the tissues of the body. Oxygen is used to burn nutrients (glucose) to produce energy and carbon dioxide. This energy will be used by the body to carry out daily activities.
Meanwhile, carbon dioxide will bind to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2). The presence of high carbon dioxide content in the erythrocytes makes the blood color become dark red.
HbCO2 then gets into the bloodstream and eventually comes out of the body through the lungs.
The reaction of binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide by hemoglobin is as follows:
Hb + O2 ==> HbO2
Hb + CO2 ==> HbCO2
In 1mm cubic of blood, there are approximately 5 million red blood cells. The formation of erythrocytes occurs in the bone marrow. Erythrocytes are only about 120 days old. After that, the erythrocytes will be damaged and overhauled in the liver and lymph.
Hemoglobin and erythrocyte will break down into hemin, iron, and globin. Hemin will be overhauled into bilirubin and biliverdin (bile dye). Meanwhile, iron and globin will be sent back to the bone marrow. The iron will be reused to form hemoglobin and globin are used to form antibodies.
2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Leucocytes have the following characteristics:
a. Colorless
b. The shape is diverse.
c. Can move like Amoeba (amoeboid).
d. Has a round or concave cell nucleus.
e. Can penetrate blood vessel walls.
There are two types of leukocytes:
a. Granulocytes (consisting of neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) The neutrophil live mass is 7 hours, while basophils and eosinophils are not known Neutrophils serve to keep the body from attacking pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria Basophils function in the healing after inflammation in certain parts of the body.While Eosinophils serve to kill parasites and prevent allergies.
b. Agranulocytes (in the cytoplasm there is no granule). Consists of monocytes and lymphocytes. Monocytes can live for three days and have the function to keep the body immune from protozoa and viruses and eat the body's cells that have been damaged. Lymphocytes are of two types: B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes whose lifetimes are not yet known. B-lymphocytes serve to produce antibodies and T-lymphocytes to keep the body from attacking foreign substances, cancer cells, and viruses.
3. Platelets
The characteristics of platelets are as follows:
a. Does not have a cell nucleus
b. Colorless (clear)
c. The shape is irregular.
Normal platelet counts in adults are about 200,000 - 300,000 per cubic mm of blood. If a person has a platelet count of more than 300,000 per cubic blood, the person is said to have thrombocytosis. If the platelet count is less than 200,000 per cubic mm of blood, then the person is said to have thrombocytopenia.
Platelets play an important role in the blood clotting process.
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