Respiratory Mechanism
The process of breathing that occurs in our bodies can be divided into two types: (1) External breathing. (2) Internal breathing.
External breathing occurs during the exchange of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas in the alveolus (lung). This gas exchange occurs by diffusion. The oxygen will then travel to the blood capillaries and bind to the hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
The reaction is:
Hb (Hemoglobin) + O2 (Oxygen) ==> HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
Oxyhemoglobin in the blood will be circulated to all body cells. Oxyhemoglobin will decompose when it reaches the body's cells. After that, there is an internal respiratory process, which is the process of exchange of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide in the body's cells.
In the cell, oxygen will be used in the process of oxidation of food to produce energy.
The reaction is:
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 ==> Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
From the process of explanation above, it can be concluded that the ultimate goal of the respiratory process is to produce energy. This energy is used by the body for daily activities. The byproducts of the respiratory process are carbon dioxide gas and water vapor exhaled out during expiration.
At the time of breathing, there are two processes that occur:
1. Inhalation: Is the process of taking oxygen from the outside air into the body.
2. Exhalation: Is the process of removing carbon dioxide from the body through the respiratory tract.
Both of the above processes is done through the mechanism of abdominal breathing and chest breathing.
1. Abdominal breathing
Diaphragmatic muscles have an important role in the process of abdominal breathing. Stages of abdominal breathing are as follows:
Inhalation
The diaphragm muscle contracts ==> the diaphragm becomes straight ==> the volume of the chest cavity enlarges and the air cavity pressure is smaller ==> the air entering the lungs
Exhalation
Diaphragmatic muscles relax ==> arched diaphragm ==> the volume of the chest cavity narrows and air pressure in the chest cavity is larger ==> air escapes from the lungs.
2. Chest Respiratory
In chest breathing, the muscles between the ribs have a very important role. Respiratory processes that occur in chest breathing are:
Inhalation
The muscle between the ribs contracts ==> the ribs are rising ==> the chest cavity is enlarged so that the air pressure in the chest cavity becomes small ==> air enters the lungs.
Exhalation
The muscles between the ribs relax ==> the ribs go down ==> the volume of the chest cavity narrows and the air pressure inside becomes big ==> air comes out from the lungs.
The maximum amount of air that can enter the lungs of a person is called the respiratory tract. Respiratory air volume differs between individuals. The volume of breathing is affected by several factors such as the size of the lungs, the power of breathing and the way of breathing.
Respiratory air volume is divided into three:
The respiratory rate in each person also varies. Respiratory frequency is affected by the following factors:
1. Age
The respiratory frequency of children more than adults. This is because children need more oxygen in their growth process.
2. Gender
In general, men have more respiratory frequency than women. This is because men perform physical activity heavier than women so that the energy needed by men is greater.
The more energy the body needs, the more oxygen is used to produce that energy.
3. Body temperature
The higher the body temperature, the energy needs will be greater so that the amount of oxygen the body needs also more and more. This will lead to the high frequency of breathing.
4. Body Position
When a person stands up, the muscles will contract more than when sitting or sleeping. The frequency of breathing when standing will be higher than when sitting or sleeping.
5. Type of Activity
The heavier the activity a person performs, the higher the frequency of breathing.
External breathing occurs during the exchange of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas in the alveolus (lung). This gas exchange occurs by diffusion. The oxygen will then travel to the blood capillaries and bind to the hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
The reaction is:
Hb (Hemoglobin) + O2 (Oxygen) ==> HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
Oxyhemoglobin in the blood will be circulated to all body cells. Oxyhemoglobin will decompose when it reaches the body's cells. After that, there is an internal respiratory process, which is the process of exchange of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide in the body's cells.
In the cell, oxygen will be used in the process of oxidation of food to produce energy.
The reaction is:
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 ==> Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
From the process of explanation above, it can be concluded that the ultimate goal of the respiratory process is to produce energy. This energy is used by the body for daily activities. The byproducts of the respiratory process are carbon dioxide gas and water vapor exhaled out during expiration.
At the time of breathing, there are two processes that occur:
1. Inhalation: Is the process of taking oxygen from the outside air into the body.
2. Exhalation: Is the process of removing carbon dioxide from the body through the respiratory tract.
Both of the above processes is done through the mechanism of abdominal breathing and chest breathing.
1. Abdominal breathing
Diaphragmatic muscles have an important role in the process of abdominal breathing. Stages of abdominal breathing are as follows:
Inhalation
The diaphragm muscle contracts ==> the diaphragm becomes straight ==> the volume of the chest cavity enlarges and the air cavity pressure is smaller ==> the air entering the lungs
Exhalation
Diaphragmatic muscles relax ==> arched diaphragm ==> the volume of the chest cavity narrows and air pressure in the chest cavity is larger ==> air escapes from the lungs.
2. Chest Respiratory
In chest breathing, the muscles between the ribs have a very important role. Respiratory processes that occur in chest breathing are:
Inhalation
The muscle between the ribs contracts ==> the ribs are rising ==> the chest cavity is enlarged so that the air pressure in the chest cavity becomes small ==> air enters the lungs.
Exhalation
The muscles between the ribs relax ==> the ribs go down ==> the volume of the chest cavity narrows and the air pressure inside becomes big ==> air comes out from the lungs.
The maximum amount of air that can enter the lungs of a person is called the respiratory tract. Respiratory air volume differs between individuals. The volume of breathing is affected by several factors such as the size of the lungs, the power of breathing and the way of breathing.
Respiratory air volume is divided into three:
- Tidal volume is the volume of air during the inspiration and expiration process under normal circumstances is approximately 500 cc.
- Complimentary air volume (inspiration reserve) is the volume of air that can still enter the lungs to the maximum after the normal inspiration process. The volume is approximately 1500 cc.
- Supplementary air volume (expiratory reserve) is the maximum amount of air that can be expelled after normal expiration. The volume is approximately 1500 cc.
The respiratory rate in each person also varies. Respiratory frequency is affected by the following factors:
1. Age
The respiratory frequency of children more than adults. This is because children need more oxygen in their growth process.
2. Gender
In general, men have more respiratory frequency than women. This is because men perform physical activity heavier than women so that the energy needed by men is greater.
The more energy the body needs, the more oxygen is used to produce that energy.
3. Body temperature
The higher the body temperature, the energy needs will be greater so that the amount of oxygen the body needs also more and more. This will lead to the high frequency of breathing.
4. Body Position
When a person stands up, the muscles will contract more than when sitting or sleeping. The frequency of breathing when standing will be higher than when sitting or sleeping.
5. Type of Activity
The heavier the activity a person performs, the higher the frequency of breathing.
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