Definition of Distillation, Crystallization, and Extraction
Distillation, crystallization, and extraction are three techniques that are often used to separate the mixture. Many mixtures cannot be separated by way of filtering, so it requires another technique for mixed components to separate.
Distillation, crystallization, and extraction use different principles in separating the mixture. Let's find out more about these three methods.
Distillation
Distillation is a method of separating the mixture based on the difference in the boiling point of two or more compounds in the mixture. Typically, distillation is used to separate the liquid mixture.
The mixture will be heated carefully in the distillation flask. The substance with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first. Steam will flow up and into the cooling tube. This tube contains water that is used to cool the vapor so that it becomes liquid again.
When the first substance boils, the temperature indicated by the thermometer will be at the boiling point of the first substance.
As an example:
The mixture of water and alcohol can be separated by distillation. Alcohol boils at a temperature of 78 degC. While the water boils at a temperature of 100 degC. Based on differences in the boiling point of both compounds, it can be said that alcohol will evaporate first.
When the alcohol boils, the steam will flow into the cooling tube. The temperature indicated by the thermometer will remain at the boiling point of the alcohol. This temperature will change only when all alcohol has evaporated.
Thus, temperature changes can be used as an indicator to stop the heating process. This is because both substances have split up.
Crystallization
Crystallization is a method of separation of the mixture based on the different properties of two substances when heated. This difference must be contradictory.
Example:
The process of separating salt from water by heating. Water will evaporate when heated to its boiling point. Meanwhile, the salt will crystallize/solidify when heated. So through the heating process, all the water will evaporate leaving salt solids so that both substances can be separated.
This method is used by salt farmers to obtain salt crystals from seawater. The difference, they use the heat of the sun as a source of energy to evaporate water.
Extraction
Extraction is a separation of the mixture based on differences in solubility of the mixed components in two different solvents. The two solvents used in this extraction method should not be intermingled (eg oil and water).
Example:
The mixture of two substances (A and B) will be separated by the extraction technique using two solvents X and Y. A is more soluble in the solvent X than Y. Conversely, B is soluble in the Y solvent versus X.
To separate A from B, we can use the separation funnel. First, insert both solvents (X and Y) into the separation funnel. Because of their different nature, the two solvents will separate. Solvents that have lesser density will be at the top.
The second step, the mixture containing A and B is inserted into the separating funnel that already contains the solvent. Then all the substances inside the separating funnel are shaken so strongly that all the substances mix together.
Most of A will dissolve in solvent X and B will dissolve in solvent Y. This occurs because A and B have different solubility in both solvents. That way, both substances can be separated. These separated substances can be removed from the separating funnel and placed in different containers.
For a more complete separation, we can repeat the process of extracting.
Distillation, crystallization, and extraction use different principles in separating the mixture. Let's find out more about these three methods.
Distillation
Distillation is a method of separating the mixture based on the difference in the boiling point of two or more compounds in the mixture. Typically, distillation is used to separate the liquid mixture.
The mixture will be heated carefully in the distillation flask. The substance with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first. Steam will flow up and into the cooling tube. This tube contains water that is used to cool the vapor so that it becomes liquid again.
When the first substance boils, the temperature indicated by the thermometer will be at the boiling point of the first substance.
As an example:
The mixture of water and alcohol can be separated by distillation. Alcohol boils at a temperature of 78 degC. While the water boils at a temperature of 100 degC. Based on differences in the boiling point of both compounds, it can be said that alcohol will evaporate first.
When the alcohol boils, the steam will flow into the cooling tube. The temperature indicated by the thermometer will remain at the boiling point of the alcohol. This temperature will change only when all alcohol has evaporated.
Thus, temperature changes can be used as an indicator to stop the heating process. This is because both substances have split up.
Crystallization
Crystallization is a method of separation of the mixture based on the different properties of two substances when heated. This difference must be contradictory.
Example:
The process of separating salt from water by heating. Water will evaporate when heated to its boiling point. Meanwhile, the salt will crystallize/solidify when heated. So through the heating process, all the water will evaporate leaving salt solids so that both substances can be separated.
This method is used by salt farmers to obtain salt crystals from seawater. The difference, they use the heat of the sun as a source of energy to evaporate water.
Extraction
Extraction is a separation of the mixture based on differences in solubility of the mixed components in two different solvents. The two solvents used in this extraction method should not be intermingled (eg oil and water).
Example:
The mixture of two substances (A and B) will be separated by the extraction technique using two solvents X and Y. A is more soluble in the solvent X than Y. Conversely, B is soluble in the Y solvent versus X.
To separate A from B, we can use the separation funnel. First, insert both solvents (X and Y) into the separation funnel. Because of their different nature, the two solvents will separate. Solvents that have lesser density will be at the top.
The second step, the mixture containing A and B is inserted into the separating funnel that already contains the solvent. Then all the substances inside the separating funnel are shaken so strongly that all the substances mix together.
Most of A will dissolve in solvent X and B will dissolve in solvent Y. This occurs because A and B have different solubility in both solvents. That way, both substances can be separated. These separated substances can be removed from the separating funnel and placed in different containers.
For a more complete separation, we can repeat the process of extracting.
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