Cells and Cell Organelles
Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of living things. The body of a living being is made up of cells. There are organisms that are composed of only one cell (called unicellular organisms, eg bacteria) and some are continuous over many cells (called multicellular organisms, eg human beings).
The person who first discovered the cell was Robert Hooke, in 1665. He said that living organisms are composed of the smallest unit called the cell.
Since 1955, many biologists have put forward the notion of the cell, such as:
1. Cells are the structural units of living things.
2. Cells are the functional units of living things.
3. Cells are carriers of the nature of beings
4. The new cell comes from the cell itself (cell division).
5. Every cell has action and duty-free as an integral part of a complete organism.
Animal cells are different from plant cells in some ways. To find out how the animal and plant cell shape, consider the image below:
Components - Inside the Cell
1. Cell Membrane
A cell membrane is a membrane composed of lipoproteins and is selectively permeable (the ability of cell membranes to select substances - substances that can enter or out of cells).
The cell membrane has the following functions:
1. Protect the protoplasm/cytoplasm/fluid inside the cell.
2. Role in the transport of substances into and out of cells.
3. Cell membranes have receptors for hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and antibodies.
4. Cell membrane also allows the communication between cells.
2. Cell Wall
The cell wall is only owned by plant cells, as long as the animal cell has no cell wall. Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose. The cell wall serves to protect cells from outside interference, giving the cell shape and as a place of entry of water, salt and minerals from cells.
3. Protoplasm
Protoplasma is part of the cell in the form of viscous and semitransparent fluid. It contains cytosolic fluid and cell organelles.
The protoplasm consists of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Protoplasm has the following functions:
1. Place reacting chemicals in the cell.
2. As a place to accommodate raw materials from outside the cell.
3. Synthesize new substances for cell needs.
4. Expressing the remnants of cell metabolism out of cells.
In the protoplasm there are organelles of cells as follows:
1. Nucleus (Cell Core)
It functions to regulate all cell activity and decrease properties.
2. Mitochondria
Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes. The outer membrane outer membrane and the inner membrane multiply to form crystals that aim to expand the surface.
Mitochondria function as the site of cell respiration that will produce energy in the form of ATP and ADP.
3. Ribosome
Ribosome serves as a place of protein synthesis.
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is of two types: the rough endoplasmic reticulum (a ribosome attached to its surface) and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (no ribosomes on the surface).
Rough endoplasmic reticulum serves to store and deliver proteins that have been synthesized to the Golgi Bodies. Meanwhile, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum serves to form phospholipids, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
5. Golgi apparatus
This organelle functions in the excretion of cells, which remove substances that are no longer needed by the cell.
6. Lysosome
Lysosomes are organelles formed by the Golgi apparatus. In lysosomes, there is a digestive enzyme. Lysosomes are present only in animal cells, especially in the leukocytes (white blood cells).
Lysosomes serve to digest old or damaged cells, regenerate cells and heal them.
7. Plasticide
Plasticides are organelles of cells that contain color pigments and are present only in plant cells.Plasticides are divided into three:
a. Chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll (leaf green matter)
b. Leukoplasts, consisting of amyloplasts and elaioplasts.
c. Chromoplasts, containing phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and xanthophyll.
8. Vakuola
It is a cell cavity found in protoplasm. Vakuola is limited by a selectively permeable tonoplast. Vakuola has the following functions:
a. Store the anthocyanin pigment
b. Role in cell excretion
c. Store organic compounds.
The person who first discovered the cell was Robert Hooke, in 1665. He said that living organisms are composed of the smallest unit called the cell.
Since 1955, many biologists have put forward the notion of the cell, such as:
1. Cells are the structural units of living things.
2. Cells are the functional units of living things.
3. Cells are carriers of the nature of beings
4. The new cell comes from the cell itself (cell division).
5. Every cell has action and duty-free as an integral part of a complete organism.
Animal cells are different from plant cells in some ways. To find out how the animal and plant cell shape, consider the image below:
Components - Inside the Cell
1. Cell Membrane
A cell membrane is a membrane composed of lipoproteins and is selectively permeable (the ability of cell membranes to select substances - substances that can enter or out of cells).
The cell membrane has the following functions:
1. Protect the protoplasm/cytoplasm/fluid inside the cell.
2. Role in the transport of substances into and out of cells.
3. Cell membranes have receptors for hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and antibodies.
4. Cell membrane also allows the communication between cells.
2. Cell Wall
The cell wall is only owned by plant cells, as long as the animal cell has no cell wall. Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose. The cell wall serves to protect cells from outside interference, giving the cell shape and as a place of entry of water, salt and minerals from cells.
3. Protoplasm
Protoplasma is part of the cell in the form of viscous and semitransparent fluid. It contains cytosolic fluid and cell organelles.
The protoplasm consists of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Protoplasm has the following functions:
1. Place reacting chemicals in the cell.
2. As a place to accommodate raw materials from outside the cell.
3. Synthesize new substances for cell needs.
4. Expressing the remnants of cell metabolism out of cells.
In the protoplasm there are organelles of cells as follows:
1. Nucleus (Cell Core)
It functions to regulate all cell activity and decrease properties.
2. Mitochondria
Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes. The outer membrane outer membrane and the inner membrane multiply to form crystals that aim to expand the surface.
Mitochondria function as the site of cell respiration that will produce energy in the form of ATP and ADP.
3. Ribosome
Ribosome serves as a place of protein synthesis.
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is of two types: the rough endoplasmic reticulum (a ribosome attached to its surface) and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (no ribosomes on the surface).
Rough endoplasmic reticulum serves to store and deliver proteins that have been synthesized to the Golgi Bodies. Meanwhile, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum serves to form phospholipids, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
5. Golgi apparatus
This organelle functions in the excretion of cells, which remove substances that are no longer needed by the cell.
6. Lysosome
Lysosomes are organelles formed by the Golgi apparatus. In lysosomes, there is a digestive enzyme. Lysosomes are present only in animal cells, especially in the leukocytes (white blood cells).
Lysosomes serve to digest old or damaged cells, regenerate cells and heal them.
7. Plasticide
Plasticides are organelles of cells that contain color pigments and are present only in plant cells.Plasticides are divided into three:
a. Chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll (leaf green matter)
b. Leukoplasts, consisting of amyloplasts and elaioplasts.
c. Chromoplasts, containing phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and xanthophyll.
8. Vakuola
It is a cell cavity found in protoplasm. Vakuola is limited by a selectively permeable tonoplast. Vakuola has the following functions:
a. Store the anthocyanin pigment
b. Role in cell excretion
c. Store organic compounds.
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